ABSTRACT
Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to characterize the developmental pathway undertaken by Portuguese expert track and field athletes considering the quantity and type of structured and unstructured activities. Methods: The sample was composed of 24 experts and 35 non-expert athletes who completed a questionnaire designed to gather information about their previous experiences in sports. Results: Results reveal key factors which distinguished expert from non-expert athletes' developmental pathway were related to a greater commitment within track and field in relation to years (U = 251.000, p < 0.01) and hours (U = 212.500, p < .01), as well as with the number of years spent in unstructured activities (U = 284.500, p < .05). Furthermore, a significant association (χ2 = 27.131, p < 0.01) was found between the number of unstructured activities practiced and an expert performance attainment. Conclusions: These findings revealed that more successfully track and field athletes had an early diversified pathway with greater involvement in structured and unstructured activities. Overall, the study provides an insight into the developmental pathway of Portuguese track and field athletes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Track and Field , Athletes , Physical Functional Performance , Portugal , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
A coordenação motora é a capacidade do cérebro de equilibrar seus movimentos, mais especificamente dos músculos e das articulações. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a interação entre a imagem corporal, o estresse e a coordenação motora grossa em escolares. O artigo é caracterizado como sendo de campo, ainda tem características descritivas. Tendo um perfil de pesquisa Quali-Quantitativo. Para obtenção dos dados relacionado à aprendizagem motora foi utilizado o Teste Of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), elaborado por Ulrich (2000) e validado por Valentini (2002). Para a variável Imagem Corporal foi utilizado o protocolo de Collins (1991) e finalmente para a variável Estresse foi utilizado o protocolo de Lipp (1991). No que se refere a correlação entre a imagem corporal real e ideal destes escolares e a habilidade motora, seja ela de locomoção, de controle e total, foi possível verificar correlações positivas entre elas onde Stress x Coordenação motora teve uma relação de 0,21 e p=0,0045, a Imagem corporal real com a coordenação motora mostrou uma relação de 0,25 e p=0,0164 e por fim quando relacionado a coordenação motora com a imagem ideal o valor ficou em 0,21 e p=0,0145, verificando assim uma significância entre essas variáveis, ou seja, p< 0,05. Isso mostra que de alguma maneira a auto percepção destes escolares com relação a imagem corporal esta interferindo na sua habilidade motora. O desenvolvimento motor é afetado por fatores psicológicos, porém, é válido lembrar que infinidades de elementos interagindo entre si são influenciadores na habilidade motora. Com isso o desenvolvimento motor corresponde a um processo em que o organismo estabelece interação com o meio.
Motor coordination is the brain's ability to balance the movements of the body, more specifically of the muscles and joints. The aim was to analyze the interaction between body image, stress, and gross motor skills in scholars. This is was a field study also with descriptive characteristics having Quali-quantitative research profile. To obtain data related to motor learning the test Of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), developed by Ulrich (2000) and validated by Valentini (2002) was used. To evaluate the Body image the protocol from Collins (1991) was used and finally to the variable stress the protocol from Lipp (1991) was used. There were positive correlations between real and ideal body imageand motor skills of these scholars, p <0.05. This shows that somehow the view of these scholars with respect to their image may be interfering in their motor skills. Motor development is affected by psychological factors, although, it is worth remembering that an infinite number of interacting elements are modifying the motor skill. Thus the motor development corresponds to a process by which the body establishes an interaction with the environment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Body Image , Motor Skills , Muscles , Stress, MechanicalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify the social and environmental determinants most strongly associated with overweight and obesity in Brazilian schoolchildren from a developing region. METHODS: Data were collected from a community-based survey of schoolchildren from the Valley of Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample was composed of 5 100 school children aged 6-18 years. Overweight and obesity were defined by body mass index based on the current method recommended by the World Health Organization in 2007. Social and environmental determinants were collected by using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 11.1 percent and 2.7 percent in girls and 8.2 percent and 1.5 percent in boys, respectively. The chance of overweight was higher in schoolchildren who engaged in remunerated work (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.30- 3.26), whose parents had higher education levels (OR = 1.52, 95 percent CI 1.12-2.07), who had two or fewer siblings (OR = 1.74, 95 percent CI 1.21-2.49), and who were in a high economic class (OR = 1.93, 95 percent CI 1.32-2.85). Schoolchildren who traveled by car to school (OR = 1.50, 95 percent CI 1.14-1.91), lived < 5 km from school (OR = 1.64, 95 percent CI 1.06-2.39), and consumed foods sold in the school cafeteria (OR = 1.56, 95 percent CI 1.19-2.16) presented high odds of being overweight. CONCLUSIONS: The background from a particular region of a country should be considered when implementing preventive measures regarding overweight and obesity, especially for very poor, developing regions like the Valley of Jequitinhonha. Measures taken should consider a multilevel intervention that includes the family, school, and physical environment.
OBJETIVO: Identificar los determinantes sociales y ambientales más firmemente asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños que asisten a la escuela en una región en desarrollo del Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se recopilaron los datos de una encuesta comunitaria llevada a cabo en niños inscritos en escuelas del valle de Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais (Brasil). La muestra estuvo integrada por 5 100 escolares de 6 a 18 años de edad. El sobrepeso y la obesidad se definieron según el índice de masa corporal, con base en el método actualmente recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2007). Los determinantes sociales y ambientales se recopilaron mediante un cuestionario estructurado. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del sobrepeso y de la obesidad fue de 11,1 por ciento y 2,7 por ciento en niñas y de 8,2 por ciento y 1,5 por ciento en niños, respectivamente. Las probabilidades de tener sobrepeso fueron mayores en los escolares que desempeñaban un trabajo remunerado (razón de probabilidades [RP] = 2,19; intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95 por ciento, 1,30-3,26); en aquellos cuyos padres tenían niveles superiores de educación (RP = 1,52; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,12-2,07); en quienes tenían dos o menos hermanos (RP = 1,74; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,21-2,49); y en los de clase económica alta (RP = 1,93; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,32-2,85). Presentaron altas probabilidades de tener sobrepeso los niños que viajaban en automóvil a la escuela (RP = 1,50; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,14-1,91), los que vivían a < 5 km de la escuela (RP = 1,64; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,06-2,39) y los que consumían los alimentos que se venden en la cafetería de la escuela (RP = 1,56; IC de 95 por ciento, 1,19-2,16). CONCLUSIONES: Deben tenerse en cuenta las características de cada región particular de un país cuando se ejecutan medidas preventivas del sobrepeso y la obesidad, especialmente en las regiones muy pobres y en desarrollo, como el valle de Jequitinhonha en Brasil. Las medidas que se adopten deben considerar una intervención en varios niveles que incluya a la familia, la escuela y el entorno físico.